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Combining Mill’s chemistry with Haich-Moddel insulated layers of open catalyst cells

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Cold Fusion is an inappropriate term, as accurately described by Steven Krivet in a recent article “ Cold Fusion is Neither” cold or fusion.  He provides  the background history and ongoing research before throwing his support solely behind the Widom Larsen theory (2006). I also believe the Widom Larsen theory has strong merit but not to the exclusion of other theories or a likely combination of processes based on these other theories. Mills has evidence of excess heat based on chemistry, The Haisch - Moddel patent is based on Casimir effect, Pam Mosier-Boss at SPAWAR provides evidence for Low energy nuclear reactions and Jan Naudt’s  proposes a relativistic  hydrogen environment for the hydrino. There is no reason to think these related phenomena are all exclusive and the difficulty in matching data to theory up to this point may be due to contributions and interactions between these different processes. The environment is certainly unique but that does not limit the methods to exploit it.

I would like to see someone take the best of these  methods and combine them. The catalytic environment is clearly the common denominator and only the method by which energy gets rectified that differentiates these researchers. IMHO these competing methods have a synergetic effect on each other and there appears to be  multiple processes occuring during test which  combine in different proportions based on the particular  method employed  by different researchers. Some of these methods are chemical reactions with fractional hydrogen like Mills, Beta decay and ultra low momentum neutrons like Widom – Larsen, LENR like Boss and Arata, or my own take on Naudt’s proposal of the hydrino being relativistic hydrogen- suggesting the collective effect of the atoms in the catalyst bend space time such that the orbits only appear fractional from our perspective. This leads immediately to a relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect and EM supression where longer wavelengths only appear shorter. (see Relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect Expanded).  A relativistic interpretation is supported by a 1996 paper, “Cavity QED” by Zofia Bialynicka-Birula which proposes an abrupt break in isotropy between Casimir plates and a 1999 paper “The Light Velocity Casimir Effect” by Tom Ostoma and Mike Trushyk  which proposes the Casimir cavity as a  relativistic environment where the velocity of light appears to increase relative to outside the cavity.  It is also supported by a paper from Dr Carlos Calvet  “Evidence for the Existence of 5 Real Spatial Dimensions in Quantum Vacuum”

The conductive open cell Casmir cavities (synthetic catalyst) described in the (Haisch -Moddel patent) are separated by layers of insulating cells which allow the gas atoms to flow smoothly through to the next layer of Casimir calls. This has great advantage over skeletal catalysts and nano powders in that it forces the gas atoms fully into and out of fractional states by circulating through non catalyst layers. Their proposed prototype  is limited by manufacturing capabilities to 100nm and they propose to use noble gas with Casimir Lamb pinch instead of chemistry to rectify energy which produces less energy but does not require a chemical reaction so may actually occur much more often. Their prototype remains unfinished and their calculations unverified by experimental results but their patent was granted based on Stochiastic Electro Dynamics (SED) a well accepted cousin of QED.

Using Mill’s chemistry in an  H-M like open cell design could allow for better control of the reaction since the gas is constantly circulated into and out of fractional states. This better diffuses the reactions over a greater surface area and discourages thermal runaway. It also allows multiple control parameters such as circulation pressure, mixing with inert gases and backfilling the cells with customized nano powders. If  insulating nano powders are used with Arata type nano powders it may be possible to use open cell Nickel foam instead of building the H-M prototype. Rather than neatly organized cell layers the insulating (Zeolites) nano powders and caltalytic (Ni or Pd) nano powders would form open cells randomly based on how the powders mix – both in the surface geometry of the powder itself and the spacing between the powders to form Casimir geometry or insulating dividers between cavities depending on type of powder. This would be less effective than separated layers but no fabrication cost and allow the  much smaller cell sizes which may be needed to disassociate atomic bonds. (change in Casimir force is inverse to the cube of the plate spacing)

Animation of proposed relativistic method where the h2 is repelled from entering into the casimir the cavity  similar to why h2 can not pass through a PEM filter but h1 translates freely and appears to shrink in size (h/x).  When these h/x atoms form h2/x inside the cavity energy is released and further translation to any different fractional value is opposed by the new covalent bond which grips  these fractional orbitals together at a constant orientation. In a recent paper by Professor Garret Moddel dated 30 October 2009  “Assessment of proposed electromagnetic quantum vacuum energy extraction methods” the exclusion of vacuum fluctuations and resulting change in energy density inside a Casimir cavity is employed to explain anomalous heat gains of gas atoms being pumped through this environment. The energy used to pump the atoms through the cavity is far less than the energy gained but does not violate conservation of energy. A more recent paper by Professor  Moddel “A Demon, a Law, and the Quest for Virtually Free Energy” explains this concept  in laymans terms. The fractional atomic hydrogen (h1/x) is restored from fractional molecular hydrogen (h2/x ) at a discount equal to the opposition of  motion accumulating between the covalent bond of the h2/x and the ”pressure” change in Casimir force is applying on the atomic orbitals to translate to a different fractional value.  This means the h2/x can be disassociated for less energy than is released when 2 atoms fall to a molecular state! .This does not violate COE because the covalent bond shifting between different energy densities allows the normally tiny and cancelling zero pint energy to accumulate as opposition to motion and be rectified by a discount at disassociation time. This energy source is normally considered unharnessable but creating this environment where hydrogen is shuttled between areas with different energy densities appears to offer a chemical method to accumulate this energy. This cycle can continue for as long as the gas atoms remain in an environment of changing fractional states. A totally reversible reaction cycle could continue to oscillate between h2 and h1 fueled by  an environment of changing Casimir force/geometry. As a process disassociated h1/x penetrates into the catalyst while translating freely between fractional states,   fractional h2/x forms and accumulates opposition between further translating  and the covalent bond which is holding the orbitals at a fixed dimension such that they can be disassociated at a discount equal to this opposing force. If you prefer a 3 body reaction as posited in some theories you could consider the casimir fields as a large virtual body or adopt the concept of an ultra low momentum neutron suggested in the Widom-Larsen theory both of which are on a scale the size of the entire cavity or metal cluster and as such are in constant contact with all gas atoms in the cell. Fran

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Relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect

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    Casimir effect explains why 2 conductive but uncharged paralell plates are attracted together and it explains stictions forces that causes nano geometry devices to  clump together frustrating  research efforts to design mechanical devices at this scale.  The present theory of Casimir effect is based on longer wavelength vacuum fluctuations which are physically too long to exist between the closely spaced  Casimir plates.  It is presumed the absence of longer wavelengths reduces the total   energy density in this confined volume while outside the plates the energy density remains unchanged. It is this difference in energy density that exerts a pressure to close the plates together. it would at first appear that only shorter wavelengths inside the plates would explain this difference in energy density. [note on left the wavelength betwen the plates] 
 
 A 2005  paper by Jan Naudts on relativistic hydrogen  proposed that the  ”hydrino” with it’s controversial sub zero ground state  is actually ” relativistic hydrogen”. Naudts proposal  leads quickly to a contradiction with the accepted theory of Casimir effect and requires a relativistic interpretation where the longer wavelengths, when confined between casimir plates are NOT eliminated, instead they stretch space time to fit themselves between the plates creating an “equivalently accelerated” inertial frame. In either version of the theory an observer outside the cavity observes only shorter wavelengths inside the cavity but in the relativistic interpretation an observer inside the
cavity would still see the longer wavelengths  but the plates at either end of the cavity would appear to shrink away  into the distance always providing just enough room for the full length waveforms to reside no matter how small the spacing becomes.   Although  the term “relativistic hydrogen” initially imagines hydrogen at high spatial velocity such as hydrogen being ejected from the suns corona and Lorentzian contraction to explain the reduced orbital radius, Naudt’s proposal for the hydrino inside of a skeletal catalyst only makes sense in  terms of “equivalent acceleration”. It is assumed  Naudt’s  proposal applies equally to “fractional hydrogen”, “deuterium ice” and other  terms for condensed hydrogen  associated with researchers claims of anomalous heat production. We propose that the REDUCED  vacuum  energy density caused by Casimir geometry should have a  NEGATIVE  equivalent acceleration associated with it because the  INCREASED  vacuum  energy density   caused by a stellar sized mass causes  POSITIVE equivalent  acceleration we experience as gravity. The relativistic intepertation for Casimir effect is supported because the increased energy density of a stellar mass is also known to slow time – which therefore predicts  that the decreased energy density of  Casimir geometry will accelerate time.  This would cause the frequency of vacum fluctuations inside a Casimir cavity to appear “shorter”or “ upshifted” to an observer outside the cavity such as sugested by   a 1999 paper ” Radiation Pressure approach to  Repulsive  Casimir Force ” by V. Hushwater.   The relativistic interpertation for Casimir effect  is further supported by    A 1999 paper titled  “The Light Velocity Casimir Effect” by Tom Ostoma and Mike Trushyk  where the measured velocity of light appears to increase due to Casimir geometry.     
 [Quote from “The Light Velocity Casimir Effect”] Our review of the physics literature has not revealed any previous work on the time delay analysis of photon propagation through the ordinary quantum vacuum or any evidence to contradict our hypothesis of photon vacuum delay, presumably because of the precedent set by Einstein’s postulate of light speed constancy.  
Suppose we can place a tiny observer A and his clocks and rulers (somehow) in between the Casimir plates. We would find for observer A that his measurement of the speed of light is the same as the conventional value! However for an observer B outside the plates in the laboratory frame, his measurement does show an increase in light velocity through the plates. Furthermore, the individual space and time measurements ‘dlab’ and ‘tlab’ made by observer B in the laboratory frame do not agree with the same measurements of ‘dplate’ and ‘tplate’ made by our tiny observer A inside the Casimir plates. The general relativists could argue that the 4D space-time inside the Casimir plates is altered compared to outside, and that the light velocity is still an absolute constant in all cases! This argument results because of the crucial importance of light propagation to the fundamental nature of space and time measurements, a theme that was first championed by Einstein. This same controversy rears it’s ugly head in gravity where we are forced to choose between the two experimentally indistinguishable views; 4D curved space-time in general relativity and variable light velocity proposal of EMQG. It turns out to be impossible to distinguish between curved 4D space-time in gravitational frames, and variations in light velocity in gravitational frames experimentally [ End Quote] 

           

   In a relativistic interpretation, Casimir Cavities  like the 10 nm pores  in the skeletal catalysts used by Black Light Power, the 100nm cavities proposed in the Haisch-Moddel prototype or  the geometry formed between grains of nickel nano powders used by the Rossi e-cat are all used to REDUCE  vacuum energy density.     We  know that energy density is the sum of all vacuum fluctuation wavelengths and that even in deep open space without mass there still remains an energy density background.  These flux (aka virtual particles) aren’t hanging around but rather are streaming through our spatial axis at a rate represented by energy density (what Puthoff calls pressure) and when they meet a conductive boundary in Casimir geometry it reduces their ability to stream. As it turns out this “streaming” rate can even be manipulated below zero to negative values! Now it doesn’t matter if you accept my relativistic interpretation of Casimir theory where longer wavelengths only appear shorter inside an accelerated inertial frame due to the suppression or the standard fare that the longer wavelengths being displaced to lower the energy density, The point is that if the opening between Casimir boundaries is small enough you end up with a permanent  stream between the higher energy density outside the boundary and lower densities in the interior. It isn’t the different energy densities  but rather the streams between these zones that represent a “negative pressure”  less than the background levels that the Casimir boundaries are supressing and even less than zero, like the wind speed through a small hole in a sail it can be many times faster than even the ambient wind filling the sail.

Suppression is much easier and more  direct than time dilation and relativistic contraction caused by spatial acceleration where a particle must be accelerated to near luminal velocity before it can start to exhibit Lorentzian contraction in a Pythagorean relationship between its own velocity and C.  IMHO Supression of vacum energy density directly modifies the inertial frames inside the cavity in a “tail wagging the dog” sort of scenario such that Space-Time itself is forced to reshape (upshift) its own wavelengths to fit in the volume provided. This is perceived relativisticly by us outside the cavity as equivalent acceleration acting on any matter occupying the supressed volume and results in similar Lorentzian contraction and time dilation. The contraction however appears symetrical to us outside the cavity because the displacement is 90 degrees from our spatial axis on what we perceive as the time axis.  The Calvet paper also makes the case for this relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect.   There is no need for near luminal velocity of  the gas atoms on the spatial axis inside the cavity.  There is no Pythagorean relationship needed to derive Gamma under these conditions because the cavity is directly manipulating the time axis experienced by gas atoms inside the cavity.                    

 The theoreticl papers mentioned earlier “The Light Velocity Casimir Effect” and “Cavity QED” , and the math papers by Jan Naudts and Ron Bourgoin which indicate that the hydrino state is actually just relativistic hydrogen make a case for the relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect.   Numerous papers have been published on anomalous heat generated by reactions between atomic gases and catalysts or nano powders. The reactions remain the subject of intense research and controversy spread across several fields of research. LENR, cold fusion, solid state systems used by Arata in Japan or Mills at Black Light Power. Most of these researchers report unusual states of matter such as Fractional hydrogen, hydrino, deuterium clusters or ultra dense deuterium. Recent US government reports  conclude the anomalous heat is undeniable and further research is warranted regardless if this is a nuclear or another as yet unidentified energy source.  Although The Haisch Moddel patent  mentions Casimir cavities most papers only mention catalytic materials, a little research however reveals the  pores in the skeletal catalysts used by Black Light Power or the spacing between the Pd nano powders used by Arata are of Casimir geometry. Another suggestion of a relationship between catalytic action and change in Casimir force is from a recent report by Peng Chen at Cornell that catalytic action as measured with an ATM only occurs at the openings and defects in a nanotubes which otherwise have very constant geometry.                  

Below is a basic description of Reifenschweiler effect from the website of Ludwik Kowalski; which again strongly supports relativistic effects due to supression                 

Ludwik Kowalski; 11/xx/2006 Department of Mathematical Sciences Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ, 07043
About two months ago Albert Alberts, from Netherlands, mentioned some observations made by Otto Reifenschweiler. This was on the restricted Internet list for CMNS researchers. Asked for a clarification, Alberts wrote:                  

 “The ‘Reifenschweiler effect’ is the observation that the beta-decay of tritium half-life 12.5 years is delayed reversibly by about 25-30% when the isotope is absorbed in 15 nm titanium-clusters in a temperature window in between 160-275 C. Remarkably at 360 C the original radioactivity reappears. The effect is absent in bulk metal. Discovered around 1960/1962 at Philips Research Eindhoven, The Netherlands Reifenschweiler extensively discussed his observation with o.a Casimir (the director of research at the time), Kistemaker (ultracentrifuge expert), and although no satisfactory explanation was found, R. was allowed to publish it. At the time a unique example as to how an electronic environment might affect nuclear phenomena.”                   

 In a private e-mail message Alberts, who used to be a physics teacher, wrote: “I don’t know if that work was replicated, he was invited to, I think, Sandia and later to Los Alamos to demonstrate the effect, instigated by a fellow named Cox. What I do know is that it was replicated in the Philips labs many times, supervised by the eminent Casimir at the time. The beta-rays were detected by Geiger-Mueller counters, at the time Philips had the most advanced evaporation/evacuation techniques possible. Even electron microscopy. The work was criticized by a German fellow, but Reifenschweiler retaliated. That stuff should be in his reprints.” He also wrote that he is in contact with Dr. Reifenschweiler (who is quite old) and that he has some old manuscripts. Subsequently I asked Alberts to compose an essay on Reifenschweiler effect. He agreed. His essay will be shown below as soon as it arrives. I think Reifenschweiler himself will assist in writing a good summary. Meanwhile let me mention that a French researcher, Fabrice David, also summarized Reifenschweiler effect in 2004. That was the topic of his presentation at ICCF11 (11th International Conference on Cold Fusion) in Marseilles                      

The Reifenschweiler effect described by Otto Reifenschweiler in his paper ”Cold Fusion and Decrease of Tritium Radioactivity” describes a small delay in the half life of tritium in contact with titanium powder while a patent by Heinrich Hora “Low Cost elimination of Long-Lived Nuclear waste” describes a large acceleration in radioactive half life of radioactive materials in a catalytic environment. This seems consistent with the segregation of time dilations  in a relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect.  The geometry of different Casimir materials may favor or disfavor the loading of gas atoms into the cavity vs outside the cavity. Those cases where the exterior of the cavity is favored could explain the claims of  anomalous cooling and Reifenschweiler effect.   IMHO you have a dispersed accumulation of pressure on the exterior surfaces of the cavity plates forming a reservoir that only slightly slows time while  feeding a very fast permanent stream through the tiny defect or hole into the cavity between the plates which greatly accelerates time (think venturi) for any gas atoms inside the narrow cavity. Energy suppression due to Casimir geometry results in a pseudo density/gravity of the plate material (Casimir plates are able to accumulate gravity/ oppose vacuum energy at an accelerated rate on their exteriors compared to normal mass because of an insulating effect afforded by the suppression on their interior side). Reports of anomalous cooling could also be related to variations in the type of atomic gas  catalyst and test conditions which could vary the balance between gas populations loading into the cavity vs the reservoir.  I would expect any reports of  anomalous cooling to be a much smaller than reports of anomalous heat for the same reasons reported delays of radioactive  half lives are much smaller than reported claims of accelerated half lives (only a 25-30% delay is mentioned in the Reifenschweiler effect).    

 In Physics clocks in different inertial frames always appear slower to the remote observer regardless of which frame happens to be more accelerated or which frame the remote observer happens to occupy similar to the way an object always appears smaller based on absolute displacement from the observer regardless of which direction the displacement occurs (deriving Gamma). The Beta decay / particle emission rate corresponds directly to the photon bouncing between the mirrors in the classic accelerated spaceship vs the stationary observer used to illustrate the derivation of gamma (time dilation factor) even though the relativistic environment in the Casimir effect is created from equivalent velocity instead of  spatial velocity.  Changes in Beta decay correspond to time dilation and can be in either direction depending on whether the gas particles are inside the fast moving cavity or in the exterior resivoir accumulating outside the cavity. IMHO the multiplying factor for extended half lives (delayed decay) should be much smaller than the multiplying factor for reduced half lives (accelerated decay)  because time inside a Casimir cavity is greatly accelerated trying to deplete a large distributed resivoir in a very small area while outside the cavity time is only slightly delayed by a pseudo density over a very large surface area similar to the sail of a ship – the large surface area accumulates a “pressure” but each area of the sail only contributes a negligible amount of this pressure to the tiny hole in the sail forming a venturi. If the hole is small enough you form a permanent vortex that can’t deplete the sail. 

from article on STARDRIVE On Mar 2, 2010, at 12:16 PM, Bernard Haisch wrote:  A thought experiment clarifying the Haisch-Moddel patent (7,379,286) concept Imagine a monatomic hydrogen gas exposed to Lyman-alpha radiation at 121.5 nm which excites the electron into the n=2 level. Now let some of the gas enter a pipe which blocks the radiation. The hydrogen electron will drop back to the ground state, n=1. We can certainly capture the emitted radiation in the pipe. On exiting the pipe the hydrogen is again exposed to Lyman-alpha radiation and the electron is excited into the n=2 level again.

The process is easily done but not useful because we are simply capturing some of the energy we put there in creating the Lyman-alpha radiation. However this clearly shows that there is no correlation between the electron energy levels and any kind of potential energy relevant to motion into and out of the pipe. The excitation and de-excitation do not produce any forces pulling the hydrogen into or out of the pipe. They are independent processes.

Substitute zero-point radiation for Lyman-alpha and a Casimir cavity for the pipe and assume that because of the Casimir suppression of zero-point radiation there is a temporary reduction in the ground state of the atomic electron (as shown by Puthoff and by Cole) while in the cavity and you have the proposed patent. (Note that this does not produce any so-called stable hydrinos.)”

Bernard Haisch  (also see  Brilliant Disguise: Light, Matter and the Zero-Point Field )

This thought experiment above by Bernard Haisch elicited the thread below on Vortex-l with my subsequent
comments included.
Francis X Roarty

[Vo]:An alternative to LENR
On Fri Fri, 25 Jun 2010 14:42 Jones Beene said:
Can the Arata-type experiment (in general) be explained solely by a Lamb
shift modality of the type that Haisch claims – in his patent?
 I would not go so far as to suggest “solely” but it certainly could be a contributor. The Haisch – Moddel prototype should work with or without noble gas but still requires monatomic atoms in order to translate to these exploitable states, this means the h2 or d2 in an Arata – type experiment would need to be disassociated while the noble gases used in the H-M patent should work at room temperature being inherently monatomic – this further supports my contention that it is the diatomic bond that is opposing the translation of the orbitals constituting the diatom because the noble gases in the H-M patent are much larger than hydrogen but are presumed to translate unopposed. I remain on the fence regarding the pinch mechanism itself which is beyond my skill set but agree if correct it is a far better way to exploit the cavity environment then the chemical reactions suggested by Mills or even my own relativistic ash less oscillating reaction between h1 and h2 states due to changes in Casimir geometry opposing diatomic motion.

If so, we would be suggesting that any helium seen (it is often seen) was
already present in the active material, probably as contamination from
extended ball milling in air, and that this helium had survived bake-out,
which is not an unreasonable assumption since tIhere is so little of it.

 I would not rule out a small amount of fusion to account for the helium as a result of the energy released by the H-M, Mills or other ZPE methods.

In 1947 Willis Lamb carried out an experiment using microwaves to stimulate
RF transitions between orbital levels of hydrogen. There was an anomaly and
the energy difference found was a rise of about 1 GHz for one orbital
compared to the other. This energy is supplied (or detracted) by the quantum
vacuum, but there is normally no net gain or loss.
This particular difference is a looping effect of QED – quantum
electrodynamics, and can be interpreted as the influence of virtual photons
from the ZPE which have been emitted and re-absorbed by the atom. In QED the
electromagnetic field is quantized but its lowest state is NOT zero. Thus,
there exist small zero-point oscillations that cause electrons to execute
rapid oscillatory motions known by the lovely German word: zitterbewegung;
but normally these vibrations reach thermal equilibrium in an ambient range
near 300 Kelvin – and are vibrating in the terahertz range, all of which is
conservative, but ..
The value of the Lamb shift has a tiny mass-energy equivalent, which is
about 4^-6 eV = 1 GHz = 4^-23 joules (correct me if I got this wrong) which
is not much to get excited about; and on top of that: the ups and downs
usually cancel each other out . but if your Casimir cavity is an oscillator
in the 10s of terahertz (slightly above ambient) and you make a particular
nanopowder in the form known as “quantum dots”, such that there is a range
of coherency which can be reached with a thermal trigger, then the gain can
(arguably) be made additive and sequential: well, that would be the
underlying hypothesis for the Haisch claim, and the non-nuclear gain via ZPE
via the Lamb shift as the pumping mechanism.
 Addative and sequential energy gain suggests a finite value but in a relativistic environment where Time dilation comes into play becomes considerable.

There could be LENR activity as well, in the same experiment – which is in
addition to this; but for the time being, let’s stick with the goal of
looking for a justifiable way to explain net energy gain (or loss) without
any nuclear reactions. Can it be found?
Probably. It should also be mentioned that in a slightly different geometry
of nanoparticle, there could be a cooling effect, instead of a heating
effect, which can also be derived from additive and sequential Lamb shifts
(with coherent asymmetry) – which will have the net result to take the host
material below ambient in temperature. This would be the key to
falsifiability – an occasional net cooling effect, based on geometry and
coherence.
This corresponds to the well-known Casimir repulsive effect (as opposed to
the normal Casimir attractive force). There can be this asymmetry (plus or
minus), within narrow geometric ranges, and when coherence is reached, the
result can be net heating, or net cooling (or neither or both if the
material is sloppily prepared).

 The Reifenschweiler effect described by Otto Reifenschweiler in his paper “Cold Fusion and Decrease of Tritium Radioactivity” describes a small delay in the half life of tritium in contact with titanium powder while a patent by Heinrich Hora “Low Cost elimination of Long-Lived Nuclear waste” describes a large acceleration in radioactive half life of radioactive materials in a catalytic environment. This seems consistent with the segregation of time dilations in a Casimir system, you have an accumulation of pressure outside the cavity forming a reservoir that slows time for any gas atoms occupying this area while also supplying a permanent focused stream into the tiny mouth of the cavity which greatly accelerates time for gas atoms inside the cavity. The geometry of different Casimir materials may favor or disfavor the loading of these gas atoms into the cavity vs outside the cavity in the reservoir. energy suppression due to Casimir geometry causes a decrease in vacuum energy inside the cavity, this decrease is concentrated inside the cavity to balance an equal but distributed reservoir of energy outside the cavity (Casimir plates are able to accumulate vacuum energy at an accelerated rate compared to normal mass) . Reports of anomalous cooling could be related to the type of atomic gas and catalyst under test where conditions could vary the balance between gas populations loading into the cavity vs the reservoir, I would expect any reports of cooling to be a much smaller anomaly than excess heat just like delays of half lives are much smaller than claims of accelerated half lives. The interface between the cavity and gas populations is far more efficient and concentrated while the interface to the reservoir is diffused over the outer plate area and may be less inviting (repel?) to the gas populations. 

It can be deduced roughly that to get to one joule per unit volume of active
material in gain(loss), there must be at least about 10^10 sites (which are
active Casimir cavities in vibrational coherence per that same volume). In
the context of an Arata-type experiment there would be about 5000 joules of
excess heat, spread out over about 800 minutes, which on first glance could
be consistent with Lamb shift heating via Casimir cavities if there was a
few cc of active powder present, which was optimized for cavities.
However, the best reason to consider the Lamb shift as an alternative
hypothesis to LENR is IF:
1) No transmutation products or ash are found, other than helium, which
can be explained as non-nuclear contamination
2) No gamma radiation is seen during or immediately after the run, and
no neutrons
3) On occasion, there is a cooling effect instead of a heating effect,
or during the same run there is both a heating effect followed by a cooling
effect, both of which are statistically valid.

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Oppenheimer-Phillips effect predicts fusion and beta decay Ni + d1

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A relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect represents an enabling step for the numerous claims of excess heat in LENR. It provides the energy required by other theories to produce nuclear energy or ash less chemistry. One very plausible hypothesis for this 2nd step  was recently presented by Jones Beene on the Vortex mailing list and is shown below. It only pertains to systems using deuterium and nickel and represents only one path of a possible multi path system to account for the excess heat.

From: Jones Beene
Sent: Friday, June 11, 2010 12:15 PM
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Subject: [Vo]:Nickel O-P fusion and beta decay

The following is a continuation of a formative hypothesis for the excess energy release in one category of LENR involving nickel as the active host; and in particular the Arata-Zhang results and numerous replications. The key insight is the Oppenheimer-Phillips effect, operating within the confines of a Casimir cavity on a specific isotope of nickel.

Arata and Zhang demonstrated, in a remarkable low-powered (unpowered) experiment, a stronger excess heat effect in nickel than in palladium; but an alloy of nickel with about 15% Pd seems to be optimum. The key to his success is probably related to nanostructure – but it highlights the fact that nickel is likely to be the better choice for the host matrix in any kind of LENR, especially when alloyed, and for the reasons independent of geometry, to be outlined below.

The logic of that observation is that an essentially unpowered experiment, which has been reproduced by at least six groups to date (two yet to be published) must imply that when power is added, the gain will be multiplied. This obvious “next step” is underway in a few labs and in particular the Rossi energy amplifier, which has been rumored to be successful.

The further hope is that a combination of nanostructure, Casimir cavity optimization, outside energy input and direct energy conversion can be anticipated to push the results of a hybrid reactor closer to the level of what will be required for the long-awaited commercial application … even if that first product only involves mundane space heating. In any event, this is a wide open area of research due to the range of prior art, overlap with Mills’ hydrino theory, which is non-nuclear, and expired patents.

In a prior version of this hypothesis there was an incorrect focus on so-called “halo nuclei” which are nuclei having excess neutrons, teetering on the edge of nuclear stability. As it turns out, there is no need to invoke this modality. The well-known Oppenheimer-Phillips (O-P) effect will suffice to explain most of the experimental results, especially when it is considered to operate with an appropriate acceleration cavity – or with relativistic (time distortion) effects.

Stated simply, acceleration of any kind can increases between Casimir plates or walls because the vacuum energy-density is lower inside than outside the cavity. A “dissolved” deuteron which is exiting from a nickel matrix into a cavity experiences a strong venturi effect, and the rate of acceleration itself then increases to the extent necessary to push the deuteron into the inner shell of a nickel “target”, located on the opposite wall – from whence electron shell a “slingshot” effect can electrostatically push the deuteron close to the nucleus, overcoming Coulomb repulsion with the help of O-P shielding.

The first relevant fact is that over two-thirds of natural nickel is the isotope 58Ni, which has very high nuclear stability – but there is also a ~1% isotope: 64Ni which is 6 a.m.u. or ~11% heavier. This is the highest percentage of excess neutrons (compared to the most stable isotope) for any transition metal in the Periodic Table; but that fact alone does not imply metastability, such as in the case of true halo nuclei. From there on, “facts” fade and the explanation offered is to a large part contingent on how well it explains experimental results.

If we look into the precise mechanics of the Oppenheimer-Phillips effect, it is clear that it might not explain actual experimental results with 58Ni or 60Ni the majority isotopes – but that it does work with 64Ni as the target. The larger issue then resolves to: is there a mechanism that favors the anomalously “heavy nickel” isotope, in promoting this effect ? Whether or not there is anything special about the extra level of neutrons, such as a presumed near-field shielding of positive nuclear charge is unknown. There is some logic but no proof that a partially shielded near-field, as would be seen by an approaching deuteron in the range of angstroms, is beneficial for the O-P effect only with that isotope; or that excess neutrons do provide that close shielding which statistically favors the O-P effect for 64Ni, as opposed to the other isotopes which are less shielded.

The Oppenheimer–Phillips process, or “stripping reaction”, is a type of deuteron-induced nuclear reaction which depends on charge shielding of another kind. In this process, the neutron component of an approaching deuteron fuses with a target nucleus, transmuting the target to a heavier isotope, while ejecting the proton. An example, discovered over 85 years ago, is the nuclear transmutation of carbon-12  to carbon-13 at lower than expected energy.

The semantic distinction should be made that this is a fusion reaction, followed by beta day of the heavier nucleus. The fusion is between deuterium and nickel. The ash is a immediate proton, and eventually a beta particle and a transmuted element (to copper in the case of 65Ni). Gamma radiation, even if secondary, should be apparent. The mechanics of interaction allow a nuclear fusion interaction to take place at lower energies than would be expected from a calculation of the Coulomb barrier between a deuteron and a target nucleus.

This is because – as a deuteron approaches the positively charged target nucleus, it experiences a charge polarization where the “proton-end” faces away from the target and the “neutron-end” faces towards the target. The deuteron must be accelerated of course, but the rate of acceleration, being a function of time, is expected to be influenced by time distortion within a Casimir cavity. In this hypothesis, the Casimir cavity of 2-10 nm is a sine qua non for success. The fusion proceeds when the binding energy of the approaching neutron and the target nucleus exceeds the binding energy of the deuteron and its trailing proton. This is a QM reaction which may be statistically altered due to time distortion. The split proton is then repelled from the new heavier nucleus. This is one indicia of the reaction – hydrogen in place of deuterium which will show up in an assay of gases at the end.

Putting this reaction into the context of nickel: with the 58Ni, the O-P effect would give 59Ni as the activated nucleus – but this has a very long half-lie – thousands of years so that does not help us very much. However, with 64Ni you get 65Ni as the activated nucleus and it has a 2.5 hr half life and decays to copper. This is the range half-life that can explain “heat after death” and also the delay in heat buildup over time, and also a transmutation product which has been witnessed in prior LENR results.

This hypotheses should be falsifiable in several ways. Among them is that the copper isotope which is the transmutation product is the lesser of copper’s two isotopes, and that would be an excellent indicator. There should be a small direct gamma signature, and beta electrons will leave a predictable spectrum of bremsstrahlung radiation that should be detected, and there should be hydrogen ash in the deuterium gas after a run which is commensurate with the excess energy seen. All of these expected indicia give hope that the O-P/Casimir hypothesis will either be confirmed or falsified soon.

Jones

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Evidence for Relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect

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Numerous papers have been published on anomalous heat generated by reactions between atomic gases and catalysts or nano powders. The reactions remain the subject of intense research and controversey spread across several fields of research. LENR, cold fusion, solid state systems used by Arata in Japan or Mills at Black Light Power. Most of these researchers report unushual states of matter such as Fractional hydrogen, hydrino, deuterium clusters or ultradense deuterium. Recent government reports conclude the anomalous heat is undeniable and further research is warranted regardless if this is a nuclear or another as yet unidentified energy source. Although The Haisch Moddel patent mentions Casimir cavities most papers only mention catalytic materials, a little research however reveals the Casimir geometry of the pores in the skeletal catalysts used by Black Light Power or the spacing between the Pd nano powders used by Arata. Even the permitivity of collapsing menisci in bubble fusion must take on Casimir geometry – assuming a conductive electrolyte. Based on papers describing relativistic states of hydrogen and Cavity QED I am proposing a relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect that also happens to fit results observed in the Reifenschweiler effect.
“The ‘Reifenschweiler effect’ is the observation that the beta-decay of tritium half-life 12.5 years is delayed reversibly by about 25-30% when the isotope is absorbed in 15 nm titanium-clusters in a temperature window in between 160-275 C. Remarkably at 360 C the original radioactivity reappears. The effect is absent in bulk metal. Discovered around 1960/1962 at Philips Research Eindhoven, The Netherlands Reifenschweiler extensively discussed his observation with o.a Casimir (the director of research at the time), Kistemaker (ultracentrifuge expert), and although no satisfactory explanation was found, R. was allowed to publish it. At the time a unique example as to how an electronic environment might affect nuclear phenomena.”

I am not suggesting that nuclear decay is in anyway necessary for anomalous heat but rather that nuclear decay can be utilized like dye in the water to uncover the relativistic effects induced by Casimir cavities.

Other evidence for relativistic effects on radioactive half lifes are listed by Rex research. I ignore Gamma decay as related to excess heat since we have so few dead researchers but some He-4/Alpha decay has been reported (although not near enough to account for the heat) and I am also focused on Beta decay but as a source of detection since I assume the excess heat anomaly will work at least as well with tritium as deuterium so the heat anomally could be compared to the half life delay. The Reifenschweiler effect is not presently associated with excess heat but the 15nm titanium clusters loaded with tritium in the experiment indicate conditions very similar to Rayney nickel loaded with hydrogen in the Black Light Process. If the relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect is correct, I would predict a correlation between The two effects – If tritium were used instead of hydrogen in the Black Light Process the half life delay should be in constant proportion to the anomalous heat.

Note, I still feel fusion is a side effect or result of an interim ashless chemistry/oscillation between h1 & h2. I believe
the change in Casimir force changes the relativistic environment changing the inertial frames and breaking covalent bonds so the atomic orbitals can translate to new fractional states, rebond – dropping to a lower state and releasing the energy the change in Casimir effect just reimbursed them.

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Differences between Haisch – Moddel energy extraction patent and Black Light Power method

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I had been following the work of Randell Mills for years. His company, Black Light Power, in nearby Cranburry NJ has been claiming a new form of chemistry based on a new state of hydrogen inside a catalyst. When the news of a confirmation of excess heat by Rowan University occured in the Fall of 2008 I immediately looked up the pore size of their skeletal catalyst Rayney nickel to see if it possibly met Casimir geometry. The pore sizes overlap the most active range for Casimir effect below 10 nm. This is in a range where stiction normally occurs making nano materials clump together and may play a roll when molten metals congeal or grow whiskers to alleviate this Casimir force.

This led me to develop an alternative theory for Casimir effect based on Naudts theory of relativistic hydrogen and Puthoff’s atomic model where vacuum fluctuations apply a counter pressure that opposes the decay of atomic orbitals. I extended Naudts suggestion of a relativistic solution for the fractional orbits reported by Mills, Miley and Arata under differnt monkiers – hydrino, deuterium clusters or inverted Rydberg. I propose that the anomalous heat associated with each of these researchers is due to an asymetrical translation of atomic vs diatomic gas entering and exiting these relativistic fields. A relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect produces gradients of inertial frames by reshaping vacuum fluctuations in space-time to appear shorter and fit between the Casimir boundaries, plates or cavities, in proportion to the sum of local geometry. The effect is known to dissipate upon nearfield proximity to the bounding walls so must start to sum at some minimal distance where changes in local geometry will cause the most abrupt changes in Casimir force and presumably the greatest catalytic action (smooth walled CNTs only exhibit catalytic action at openings and defects). My premise is that monatoms freely translate between these inertial frames but diatoms by nature of their bonds oppose this translation / reshaping of orbitals, effectively rectifying energy from normally chaotic motion according to gas law (based on uncertainty principle)to help disassociate fractional diatoms. This is also seen in the action of Pd membranes or PEM filters that prevent h2 from passing but allow protons to pass. If the protons reform h2 inside a similar structure where defects allow the formation then there will be opposition to further motion where the diatomic bond opposes any further reshaping of the atomic orbitals it is holding together. When the energy source pushing these molecules through the membrane is removed we hear these reports of “Life after death” where anomalous heat continues to be produced for hours and even days beyond power removal. I suggest gas law still provides the motion/energy to disassociate diatoms based on thermal distribution. Some small population of atoms will still be approaching disassociation temperature and be effectively “prearmed” to disassociate when changes in the local Casimir geometry/force exceeds the force exerted by a fractional diatomic bond in opposition to the force of gas law trying to randomly push it into a nearby but different inertial frame. These opposing forces break the diatomic bond and restores the fractional atoms to a fractional value appropriate for the new inertial frame. These atoms are now ready to reform a molecule and repeat the cycle between fractional h1 and fractional h2 as this accumulated population/cluster of fractional h2 slowly “melts” out of the cavity fractional states in a process reverse to when heat or pressure forced h1 deep into its moste fractional regions.

In early 2009 I discovered the patent by Haisch and Modell dated May 2008 which already cited Casimir effect as a prerequisite for a method of extracting energy from noble gases. This meant I was a day late and a dollar short regaring the role of Casimir effect and only my relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect remains a unique theory. The Haisch and Moddel patent was based on manufactured Casimir cavities in stacks of copper plates similar to the pores in the skeletal catalysts used by Mills but separated by insulating layers to maximize the orbital translations between plates. Their theory differs greatly from Black Light Power in that they do not require any chemical reactions. I mistakenly compared their extraction method ,which Dr Haisch coined “Casimir – Lamb Shift” to the Black Light Process in previous blogs but this was resolved in a recent reply to a Huffington Post article “ Sorry, it’s Malignant: Why Scientists Need a New Approach on Climate Change” when Professor Moddel stated “ Some bloggers have linked our patent to Blacklight Power’s hydrino. I cannot comment on whether the concept of a hydrino is valid, but the physics behind it is certainly different from the physics that supports our concept”. He also cited a paper he published in October 09 Assessment of proposed electromagnetic quantum vacuum energy extraction methods which very clearly defined for me the “Casimir Lamb shift”. According to this paper The Casimir – Lamb shift can extract energy from a single atom which releases energy locally to the cavity but then is restored globally by ZPE when it exits the cavity. It does not rely on any collisions or chemistry to occur while inside the cavity as I had wrongly presumed, it is a totally quantum effect. The Black Light Process meanwhile rejects any quantum contributions and is based solely on multibody collisions. My theory is more similar to that of Haisch and Modell which is based based on the Puthoff atomic model but also embraces the need for chemical reactions similar to the Black Light process and presumably the Miley and Arata methods employing Pd membranes in their design.

The different methods and materials used are all based on atomic gas and Casimir geometry . If there really are multiple ways to extract energy from this same environment then the data obtained should contain evidence of summing. The Haisch -Moddel patent describes energy derived from quantum forces without chemical reactions while BLP’s method is solely chemical and refuses to consider any quantum contributions like Casimir effect. My own solution combines them both where molecules formed from these shifted or fractional state atoms allow for ash less chemistry. The diatomic bond opposes further changes in these fractional states but Gas law forces the diatom to move. This changes the local Casimir force and disassociates the diatom so the atoms can translate to the new appropriate fractional value. This frees them to repeat the cycle for as long as they remain fractional.

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Hydrino patent based on catalyst denied while later patent for relativistic hydrogen based on Casimir cavity granted

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This is a follow-up to a previous article Will 2010 be the year of Zero Point Energy? It focuses on the perceived differences between hydrino and fractional hydrogen and proposes that the two are equivalent. Our conclusion is that catalytic action is based on changes in Casimir force which requires the same relativistic interpretation that Jan Naudts proposed for the hydrino. The hydrino is just hydrogen that finds itself in a relativistic environment through “equivalence”. Casimir plates accumulate gravitational equivalence like any dense matter but having the unique property of venting a portion of this accumulation as a steady stream through the tiny cavity formed between the plates. The force of this stream is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between the plates for non ideal metals.

The “hydrino” appears to violate the minimum ground state for a nonrelativistic atom because our understanding of catalytic action is incomplete. When Naudts proposed a relativistic solution which was proved by Bourgoin in 2006, it was embraced by Mills but he had no reason to update his papers or theory, The fault was not with his work. The fault is with our limited understanding of catalytic action. The math and metrics for catalysts puts everything in terms of energy and surface area which hides the relativistic nature of the effect. The US patent office denied Mills a patent based on his description using catalytic action and energy to describe “fractional states” but then turned around in May 2008 and granted a patent based on the same concepts to Haisch and Moddel describing it as Casimir effect and using Lorentzian math to describe a synthetic catalyst reacting with the same monatomic gas. “Relativistic” hydrogen was acceptable but “catalytic” hydrogen was not. There are still many researchers using catalytic action to describe this same exploitable environment. They often employ different methods to extract energy but it appears for now they must translate their work to describe Casimir effect and Lorentz transformations if they want to apply for a U.S. patent. Skeptics prefer to focus on the this current definition of catalytic action which is not based on a relativistic interpretation to dismiss Mills and any other researchers who suggest a fractional quantum state. These skeptics need to understand that relativistic hydrogen can exist in a stationary reactor through equivalence and that the Casimir effect can segregate normal equivalence to accelerate time in a tiny cavity. The plates still slow time in the more traditional understanding of gravitational equivalence but inside the tiny cavity time escapes the plates in a steady accelerated stream.

We know that relativistic muons are constantly streaming toward earth and that time dilation can accumulate for much lesser velocities such as stellar gases and micrometeorites in nearby space. These effects are all normally considered intangible since they exist in different inertial frames only briefly approaching our frame of observation. Science accepts “equivalent” acceleration due to gravitational fields and that time dilation accumulates exactly the same for “equivalent” acceleration even though the mass remains stationary. Lorentzian contraction also tells us that atoms achieving luminal velocities physically shrink such that they can pass through stationary openings many times smaller than their own dimensions. I am proposing that Lorentzian contraction also occurs with equivalent acceleration allowing more hydrogen gas to be stored inside a catalyst then the calculated volume would suggest. I propose that catalytic action is a result of equivalent acceleration due to Casimir geometry.

The real controversy with respect to the hydrino should be a over this posit of equivalent acceleration where time is accelerated instead of slowed. If we can accept the slowing of time from “equivalent” motion where a space craft parks on a large dense mass, then at a mesocopic scale ,we should also accept acceleration of time where the dense mass of conductive plates is amplified by alignment and geometry to ,again, slow time but only in the plate surface. the tiny cavity between these plates breaches the plate action and funnels the time flow forming a permanent exhaust stream many times faster than the nominal rate outside the cavity. This is not antigravity as Difiore et all discovered in 2001 that the effect can not be scaled. The opposition of Casimir plates to time flow immediately exhausts at their large external surfaces. The opposition only accumulates a gravitational “pressure” internal to the metal which a small cavity or tiny deffect in the lattice simply seeks to exhaust. Because these cavities are too small to exhaust the ever accumulating pressure a permanent venturi is established where the rate of time flow is accelerated and which we commonly refer to as Casimir force (changes in this force produce catalytic action). In both cases the mass under consideration is stationary but in one instance time flow is gradually slowed proportional to density and mass while, in the other instance, this same opposition is tapped to accelerate time.

The math used by Naudts and Bourgoin dictates a relativistic environment.”Cavity QED” by Zofia Bialynicka-Birula defines a Casimir cavity as a relativistic environment where the plates define an abrupt boundary that breaks the isotropy of space time. Present Casmir effect theory suggests larger virtual particles are displaced in favor of smaller particles but the relativistic interpretation is that these larger particles only appear smaller due to Lorentzian contraction.

Haisch and Modell designed a device with stacks of metal plates separated by insulating plates all drilled to form columns of Casimir cavities where hydrogen can be circulated through the entire block. This design also forces the atoms into and out of relativistic states due to the insulation layers. It avoids the stagnation that can occur in the pores of skeletal catalysts and uses a weaker .1u spacing (mechanical drilling limit) for Casimir geometry compared to average 10 nm spacing of pores in Mill’s skeletal catalyst. Their prototype is stalled awaiting funding but promises more methods of controlling the reaction and much better heat extraction then the “lump of coal” method employed for the Rowan University confirmations of Mills material.

We are proposing that Catalytic action is based on changes in Casimir effect and should be based on a relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect. This is supported by the papers from Naudts , Bourgoin and Bialynicka-Birula as well as
A recent article from Peng Chen@ Cornell indicates that catalytic action only occurs at openings and defects in a nanotube (therefore catalytic action can be defined as a “change” in Casimir force).

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Will 2010 be the Year of Zero Point Energy?

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For decades researchers have often reported anomalous excess heat when atomic hydrogen and catalysts are involved. The mechanisms and therefore the ability to scale this effect have so far eluded scientists. Some research points to chemical byproducts and other research points to nuclear byproducts but both are insufficient to explain the amount of heat detected. This article proposes a plausible solution without byproducts pitting natures desire for the diatomic state against a “focused” catalytic/Casimir force that breaks this covalent bond by reshaping the atoms in opposition to it.( see this animation ). These forces are normally on different scales and require monatomic gas and a relativistic cavity where energy is suppressed to bring these scales into balance where they can oscillate. The difficulty is in keeping the balance to prevent runaway or starvation. Runaway will destroy the geometry producing Casimir effect while starvation doesn’t have enough heat to keep the gas monatomic.

In May 2008 Arata-Yang demonstrated the effect repeatedly using Pd and deuterium. Their experiment was recently replicated by Kitamura et all Phys. Lett. A, 2009. 273(35): p. 3109-3112. In the United States we have a patent granted in May 2008 to Haisch and Moddel for a system based on Casimir cavities and 2 Rowan university validations of the Black Light Process developed by Randell Mills, one in 2008 using reactors and materials supplied by Mills and more the second in August of 2009 a validation using only recipes from Mills while materials were procured commercially. All of these researchers appear to have different theories some of which are in direct conflict with established physics, hence Mills inability to patent a process that is clearly demonstrating excess heat while Haisch and Moddel were able to patent an as yet un-prototyped device using virtually the same physical concept but based on different physics. While the skeletal catalyst Rayney Nickel forms activated pores with geometry making them Casimir cavities the math and chemistry Mills submits to define the reaction is based on catalytic action and requires hydrogen to take on orbital states 2 to 137 times smaller than ground state. Haisch and Moddel rephrase the “hydrino” which violates the laws of physics to what they term a system for converting energy from electromagnetic quantum vacuum by suppressing appropriate frequencies by virtue of the Casimir effect which suppresses longer wavelength vacuum energy as the plates get closer. Mills definition could have been salvaged in 2005 when Jan Naudts proposed the 137 fractional states could be relativistic or even later when in 2007 Ron Bourgoin published a paper that actually proved the 137 fractional states using equations dictating a relativistic environment for electrons(occupying the same spatial position). Mills embraced the support but never redefined his theory or patent application allowing Haisch and Moddel to patent their similar theory unopposed.

I include LENR and the Casimir cavity based patent of Haisch and Moddel with the Black Light process claimed by Randell Mills because the catalyst pore sizes used by Mill’s and the surface geometry of SPAWAR electrodes are also of Casimir geometry. The Pd and Pd nanopowders used by Arata in Japan also form cavities between particles on their surface geometry and even inside the lattice defects where hydrogen is both absorbed and disassociated via the membrane properties of Pd. It is unlikely these different reports all involving monatomic gas and catalysts are unrelated. even sonoluminescence may be the result of conductive liquid meniscus rapidly compressing hydrogen gas pockets into Casimir geometry.

No theory yet explains how the conservation of energy is broken to produce excess heat, even if the hydrogen or deuterium translates to relativistic hydrogen inside a Casimir cavity the transition as noted by Mills is nonradiative, according to Mills a reaction is necessary inside the cavity but according to the H-M theory the hydrogen loses energy to the cavity walls even without a reaction but is then restored via the global vacuum energy as it exits the cavity. My point is that any energy differential should cause a back pressure to the hydrogen supply restricting the flow into the cavity equal to any potential energy gains. Here the Naudts proposal escapes conservation of energy because mechanical forces/t do not have to sum to zero between inertial frames if you break the symmetry by forming a covalent bond while the atoms are in a relativistic fractional state. e in * t/1 = e out * t /(2-137). Even with the Naudts theory this is not “free” energy, you exchange spatial units for temporal units when the covalent bond opposes changes in Casimir force (changes in catalytic action) meaning you exchange time for heat energy. A recent discovery by Peng Chen at Cornell University Finds nanotubes concentrate catalytic action at ends and at defects in the walls of nanotubes, This suggests changes in Casimir geometry would also concentrate catalytic action. Much of what we know about catalytic action is based on simple metrics, surface areas, oxidation and figures of merit. The relativistic interpretation of Casimir effect strongly suggests the engine behind catalytic action is based on changes in Casimir geometry.

Motion of dihydrinos between changing Casimir geometry breaks their covalent bonds as the atoms reshape to match the changing inertial frames. The claim that hydrogen translates to hydrino without photon emission tells us the atom is reshaped from our perspective by the lower vacuum energy inside the cavity. This reshaping can have 137 different values according to Bourgoins paper forming a gradient based on very local plate geometry and spacing. These “relativistic” atoms still must reshape even after forming a molecule but are opposed by the new covalent bond, the covalent bond eventually gets broken by this reshaping force when the molecule moves to a Casimir geometry/force sufficient to exceed the bonding force. This force restores the atoms to monatomic energy levels (qualifying the atoms to repeat the procedure). This reshaping force is proportional to the suppressed value of vacuum energy, inversely proportional to the cube of distance between the plates per Casimir force F(z) / S = -(pi^2 * reduced h * c) / (240* z^3) where reduced h is the reduced Planck constant, c is the velocity of light, and S is the area of the plates. It creates multiple inertial frames allowing molecular bonds to organize and exploit time dilation between frames. The balancing point however is difficult to maintain because nature immediately forces the atoms back to diatomic states which emits a photon and starts the cycle over again in what can become a destructive thermal runaway quickly melting the cavity to relieve the Casimir force and producing the hydride byproducts claimed by Black Light Power or going the other way, starving the process into the slow “life after death” scenario described by Arata and others where a slow excess heat is recorded after the experiment is de-energized and lasting days to weeks depending on the size and geometry of nano powders and loading methods. In the animation note hydrogen on top with normal (red) emission on bonding while moving plates show relativistic atoms translated and spectrum shifted (blue). At bottom an exaggerated multiple vacuum fluctuation is shown twisting with time dilation to appear faster from our perspective vs being displaced by shorter fluctuations per current theory.

Another reason I am tolerant of the hydride byproducts and lack of dihydrinos available for analysis is the very short duration of the BLP reaction. It screams thermal runaway and the byproducts would only account for the destructive reactions necessary to relieve the Casimir force by melting closed or shorting the parallel plates. In my theory there is no byproduct -nature oscillates between the desired diatomic state and molecular disassociation when the new high mobility molecule finds its covalent bond opposed by the individual atoms still trying to transition to different fractional states(relativistic). What is needed is a control loop to keep the frequency slow enough to extract the heat before damage can occur. The fact that other reports of excess heat like Arata in Japan evolve over days or weeks suggests the opposite condition of starvation where oscillation is delayed over time as the atomic gas slowly accumulates the velocities needed to exchange time dilation for energy. Kitamura’s replication of Arata experiment indicates the effect becomes more pronounced with fineness of the nanopowders.

The application of Naudts relativistic proposal to the Casimir effect is often met with skepticism, At the macro scale time dilation requires velocities at high fractions of C or crushing gravitational wells that provide equivalent acceleration of similar effect. These effects are concentrating our interaction with virtual particles. We also know linear luminal velocity would be impossible to attain in a Casimir cavity so I have assumed equivalent deceleration vs equivalent acceleration. It is the differences in vacuum energy suppression inside the cavity vs outside that we are trying to use atomic hydrogen to exploit. The energy is considered negative but we are only concerned with the absolute differential value.

From the Puthoff atomic model I conjecture an energy “pressure” that keeps an orbital in a balanced ground state –hence “my river of time”/virtual particles pressing past our nuclei and growing larger as they flash past our electrons in the final scene of my animation. I want to springboard from this concept to an XY axis of velocity vs. time where as v approaches C an animated spacecraft slows it’s progress along the x axis and starts to rise and contract on the y axis – all with the virtual particle background from above animation playing at 20% alpha illumination to make the point the ships velocity relative to the moving field has a Pythagorean component that becomes more pronounced as matter starts to reach velocities of similar magnitude to the virtual particles. I hesitate to say these virtual particles have a luminal velocity since their “rate” may well establish the relativistic values upon which we measure “time”. that said these virtual particles still must obey certain rules and not occupy already existing space causing a “pressure” differential that agrees with Puthoff’s atomic model, I believe this “pressure” causes a vortex around and behind the nucleus (from a 4D perspective) that restores the orbital energy after spontaneous emission and keeps a balanced ground state. This “standard” pressure of time passing from future to past through matter is what I believe Casimir cavities are able to “segregate”. It is not just like a tiny cavity of dead air like you imagine with insulation materials. I believe the plate geometry of conductors concentrate a resistance to this flow like the canvas sails of a sailing ship where a small hole (cavity) creates a relief where the concentrated wind pressure forms a venturi where the speed and pressure is far removed from the nominal wind speed. It is this difference between the nominal value of time and the venturi induced values inside the cavity that we can exploit with atomic hydrogen.

In the same paradox manner that accelerating matter in 3D space slows time from our perspective, accelerating the flow of virtual particles through a cavity accelerates time from our perspective and lowers the energy “pressure” inside the cavity. The difference between our inertial frame energy and these decelerated frames inside the cavity is often referred to as negative energy, It suggests a gravity hill as opposed to the deep gravity well in the twin paradox where the space faring twin can park on a high G object to accumulate time dilation, instead the shielded (decelerated) cavity equates to the earthbound twin and hydrogen outside the cavity equates to the “high G” twin. One should not focus on the difference between planetary gravity vs free space which would NOT account for the effect, rather we consider the “nominal rate” at which virtual particles pass through 3D space which is amplified by this “venturi like” property of a Casimir cavity. The force is described by the Casimir formula and is proportional to the fractional relativistic states Bourgoin calculated for the hydrino multiplied by some scaling constant for atomic hydrogen and another constant for molecular hydrogen. This sets up the asymmetry for energy gain when the translation is atomic in one direction but molecular in the other.
Recalll the 2 conditions from animation…
H+H>> H2 + photon and remains H2 end of story
while in the Casimir cavity
H/x+H/x >> (H2)/x + photon but then changes in Casimir force
break the covalent bond restoring atoms at new levels H/(x+dx)
therefore the relationship between Casimir force and orbitals is different for atoms and molecules.
Casimir force F(z) / S = -(pi^2 * reduced h * c) / (240* z^3)
multiplied by the appropriate scaling factor should be equal to the fractional state depicted in Bourgoins equation below

In the normal scenario this relationship simply prevents H2 from
diffusing into the smaller geometry of a Casimir cavity but when energy is invested to keep hydrogen atoms disassociated and Casimir cavities are present the criteria for producing fractional states are met, any atoms diffusing into the suppression zones become fractional and have the potential for rectifying the difference in energy between the normal and suppression zones but only if they
form a covalent bond to oppose the reverse translation and force the change in suppression to break the covalent bond thereby restoring atomic energy levels.

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